Encephalopathy

• Encephalopathy = a rapidly developing (<4 weeks) pathological brain process which is expressed clinically as delirium, stupor or coma – global cerebral dysfunction in the absence of structural brain disease²

VINDICATE ME PLS

• Vascular: ischaemic/haemorrhagic stroke, haematoma

• Infectious: encephalitis, meningitis, sepsis

• Neoplastic: brain tumours/metastases (and complications/treatment)

• Drugs: sedatives, opioids, antipsychotics (NMS), serotonin syndrome

• Idiopathic

• Congenital: epilepsy/seizures, Wilson’s disease, Porphyria, CJD

• Autoimmune: encephalitis, CNS vasculitis, neurosarcoidosis

• Toxins (and trauma): heavy metals, cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, TBI

• Endocrine: TH, corticosteroid/adrenal, HHS/DKA, hypoglycaemia

• Metabolic: hepatic, uraemic, Na+ (rarely Ca+, Mg2+, PO4-), vitamins (B12, C, niacin), hypo/hyperthermia

• Ethanol: intoxication, withdrawal, Wernicke

• PRES (and Psychiatric)

• Low oxygen

• Seizures (and Systemic organ failure)⁴